Gallery Thinning from below improves health and vigor. Natural forests are usually over-stocked. Prescribed fire returns nutrients to the soil. Prescribed fire prepares the planting sites. Thinning from below allows for species selection. Planting trees after a prescribed fire improves species diversity and forest resilience. Forest management activities create fuels. Managing fuels reduces long-term risk. Creating stand structure is critical for sustainable natural forests. Creating snags provides long-term nesting and forage habitat for a variety of birds and animals. Snag recruitment provides important long term habitat. State-of-the art equipment improves utilization. State-of-the-art equipment can process smaller piece size. Properly constructed roads offer long-term stable access for management work. Crushed rock reduces soil erosion and protects water quality.